I-Art of War in the Kingdom of Queen Nzinga (Ndongo): Yize ingakapheleli, imibhalo ebhalwe phansi isishiya nemininingwane ebalulekile ngobuciko bempi yangaphambi kwekoloni West-Central Africa

Ezingxoxweni zobuciko bempi ezibhekiswe emphakathini jikelele, i-Afrika isihlobo esibi. Lokhu kungabikho kungenziwa ngokuhambisana nokuntula kolwazi lwezincwadi eziphathelene ne-Afrika. Lesi simo sasihlukile kweloseYurophu nase-Asia. Kulezi zizwekazi ziyaziwa ngokukhethekile ngemibhalo yeClausewitz, iMavavavelli noma i-Sun Tzu.

Enye incazelo ichaza ukuncintisana okungavamile kwama-Afrika ngokumelene namandla ase-European colonisation. Okokugcina, cabanga ngomfanekiso wabomnyama base-Afrika njengesihluku esingenangqondo esivela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Uhlala njalo ngezinga elithile njalo ekhona engaboni lutho. Awuhambisani kahle nalabo abasebenzisa amasosha, abakwazi ukudlula abaseYurophu kule ndawo. Ngenhlanhla, ubufakazi obuqotho besikhathi samanje bungayinselela lo mbono owutholile.

Ubuciko bempi obuyinkimbinkimbi bukhona e-Afrika. Sizokubona lapha ngombuso weNdongo (i-16th-17th leminyaka), ekhona e-Angola yamanje. Uyaziwa ngokuholwa nguNzinga odumile (1583-1663).

UNzinga wenza ngo Lesliana Pereira e Njinga, Rainha De Angola (2014)

Ubuciko bempi eNdongo

U-Elias Alexandre Da Silva Corrêa yisazi sePortugal. Itholakala e-Angola ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngokusho kwalo mbhali we-History of Angola, ubuciko bempi esifundeni baba nomphumela ofanayo nalowo kaPrussia Frederick Omkhulu (1712-1786). Lokhu kuphawula kuthakazelisa ikakhulukazi. Ngempela, uFrederick II ungomunye wamamodeli kaCarl von Clausewitz, umbhali wencwadi yezempi ethi 'De la Guerre'. UFrederick II ubuye abe ngumbhali wamaphupho amakhulu ngesikhathi seMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa. Amazwi kaCorrêa, mhlawumbe ahambisana nesikhathi sombuso waseNdongo (ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-17), ahlala eyiqiniso eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva.

Kepha impikiswano yangaleso sikhathi ikhombisa ukusebenza kahle kobuciko bempi eMbundu. Ngokwesazi-mlando uJohn Thornton, indlela kaNdongo yokulwa yayisebenza ngempumelelo yokuthi lapho belapho, ojenene basePortugal basebenzise izindlela zasendaweni zokuhlela nokuhlela. Ngokusho komunye wabo, amaDashi ahlulekile ukugcina ubukhona bawo esifundeni uma engenzi okufanayo. Kepha inhlangano yezempi kaNdongo yayiqukethe ini, amasu namasu ayo?

• ibutho

UNdongo wayephethe ibutho elinolwazi ngamasosha ambalwa ambalwa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-10 nezinkulungwane ze-20. Ngezikhathini zokuphuthumayo, zingase zisekelwe ngabasindile ababenomsebenzi wokuhlinzekela ukusekelwa kokungena kwamasosha ochwepheshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha angongoti ayekwazi kahle ukuphatha izikhali ezinamabhande eduze, izinkemba, izimbazo noma ama-scimeter, ngisho namakilabhu. Babuye baqeqeshelwa ukuphatha umnsalo nomcibisholo abawusebenzisa kude. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwezibhamu ngabantu baseYurophu, lezi zazisetshenziswa esikhundleni seminsalo.

• Amacebo namasu

Amasosha aseMbundu aqala ukulwa ngokusungula, ngesikhathi eside, imicibisholo eyodwa noma emibili noma umlilo wokudubula ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela engxenyeni ebaluleke kakhulu empini ngezikhali ezincane.

Ibutho lamaMundu lalihlelwe ezinyunithi ezincane kodwa ezihlangene. Ngenxa yokuthi zisakazeka zibonakala zingahlelekile emkhathini, zithatha isikhala esiningi. Ngale ndlela, banikeza umbono wokuthi isitha saseYurophu sasibaluleke ngaphezu kwalokho ayeyikho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungahlehlisi kwabo okubonakalayo kwakukhohlisayo isitha seYurophu esicabanga ukuthi kufanele sibhekane neqembu lamaqhawe angahlelekile.

Eqinisweni, amacebo ahlukahlukene aqhutshwa ngokuzimela yiyunithi ngayinye yezinyunyana ezihamba phambili. Ngamunye wayeholwa ngumphathi. Uma kunesidingo, bangahlangana ukuze baphendule imiyalo yomuntu oyedwa. Ngokuqondene nokuhlaselwa kwabo, ngokuvamile kwakukhona izivikelo ezincane ngaphambi kokubuyela emuva uma kudingeka. Ngakho-ke, ibutho likaNdongo lingakhungathekisa isitha futhi liphinde libuke izinsuku ezihlelwe kahle ngokuphelele, lilungele ukuhlasela.

lwezincwadi : Amasosha kaJohn K. Thornton / ase-Afrika eHaiti Revolution & UJohn K. Thornton / Ubuciko beMpi e-Angola, 1575-1680